Initially, film music played an important role in hybrid forms and this is how Pakistan’s pop revolution commenced during the 1970s. But experimentation by musicians fused the folk with the changing contours of technology and Western trends. Some of these symbols were state-led such as when Bhutto popularized both the shalwar kameez and the Mao jacket as formal apparel. PTV was also a vehicle for propagating democratic and socialist ideas, while playwrights such as Enver Sajjad, Safdar Mir and others found ways to articulate their ideology through popular culture.Ĭoncurrently, the global trends such as the rise of pop music, new movements in art and fashion also influenced urban Pakistan. Faiz Ahmad Faiz was assigned the task to devise a new cultural policy that remains one of the most relevant, yet neglected documents of our recent history. The cultural institutions received state patronage and Pakistan television emerged as a major platform for an unprecedented era of openness. But Pakistan was not isolated as the seventies were a decade of transition in many other countries and towards the end of the decade the rise of neoliberal conservatism resulted in a shift towards conservatism even in advanced countries.īhutto nationalized many industries, launched redistributive programmes such as land reform and other changes, and also worked towards a consensus constitution that the country had been aiming to achieve since its creation in 1947. It was also a country eager to forget the trauma of 1971 and leave it behind. However, his secular and liberal politics opened up space within the country and cultural expression blossomed. After the 1971 debacle, Pakistan’s first civilian martial law administrator, and later Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, whipped up nationalism. The contradictions of Bhutto’s politics and the consolidation of a national security state took place during this decade. The cataclysmic events of 1971 led to the birth of Bangladesh and the emergence of Bhutto’s Pakistan. The decade of the 1970s in Pakistan was tumultuous to say the least.
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